Comparing body measurements. A 2025 analysis of the ELSA-Brasil cohort (n = 2,721, followed over five years) compared BMI, waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio against the development of coronary artery calcium, a subclinical marker of atherosclerosis. After multivariable adjustment, two of the three measures no longer reached significance. The association was concentrated among participants with BMI below 30. The study is observational and measured a marker rather than clinical events.
